1939

Speech made by Józef Beck, the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, in the Sejm

Historical context

In 1918, after 123 years of captivity, Poland was reborn as an independent state. Its largest neighbours – Germany and the Soviet Union – were adverse to it. Both of these countries made it their goal to reclaim part of the territories they had lost as a result of the war. German efforts to bring about a revision of the Treaty of Versailles gained momentum in 1933 when the Nazi party, headed by Adolf Hitler, rose to power in Germany. In 1938, the Third Reich annexed Austria and part of Czechoslovakia. The following year, Hitler liquidated Czechoslovakia entirely and annexed the Lithuanian city of Klaipeda. A few days after the liquidation of Czechoslovakia, Germany renewed the territorial demands it had been voicing toward Poland since the autumn of 1938. Hitler demanded Poland’s agreement to the annexation of the Free City of Danzig by the Reich and the construction of an extraterritorial highway and railway line through Polish Pomerania to connect the German mainland with East Prussia. Poland was also asked to join the Anti-Comintern Pact against the Soviet Union. In exchange for meeting these demands, Hitler promised to guarantee Poland’s borders and to extend the 1934 German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact by another 25 years. The Polish government rejected Germany’s demands, as they violated Poland’s sovereignty, undermined its economic interests and put Poland at risk of becoming a political vassal of Nazi Germany.

Poland and France were bound by a political and military alliance, and a few days after Hitler’s demands were turned down, on 31 March 1939, Great Britain announced that it would provide military assistance to Poland in the event of armed conflict with Germany. A few days later, France also officially reaffirmed its obligations to Poland. Hitler reacted by breaking off the German-Polish Non-Aggression Pact during a speech in the Reichstag on 28 April 1939. In response, the Polish minister of foreign affairs, Józef Beck, delivered a speech in the Sejm. Beck’s emotional statement was broadcast on the radio and made a staggering impression. Its final paragraph is considered one of the most important passages in the political speeches of twentieth-century Poland.

Germany’s demands and guarantees of Poland’s borders had no significance whatsoever. Plans of the attack on Poland were already advanced when these were put forward. Germany proceeded to invade Poland on 1 September 1939.

Speech made by Józef Beck, the Polish Minister of Foreign Affairs, in the Sejm / The National Digital Archives

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