The Henrician Articles – so named after Henri de Valois (known as Henryk Walezy in Poland), the first ruler of Poland-Lithuania to have been chosen through free election – were drawn up in 1573 during the deliberations of the election Sejm (Parliament) held during the interregnum that followed the death of King Zygmunt II August (Sigismund II Augustus). As the king-elect for the Polish-Lithuanian throne, Henry swore to uphold the Warsaw Confederation as well as the Articles, but subsequently refused to repeat those oaths at his coronation. After Henry’s flight to France, his successor Stefan Batory (Stephen Báthory) solemnly confirmed both documents, which in 1576 were approved as acts of the Sejm. All subsequent elective monarchs re-confirmed the Henrician Articles, which became part of the pacta conventa – a body of acts sworn to by every king of the Polish-Lithuanian Rzeczpospolita (Commonwealth) chosen by way of free election.

The Articles were a collection of legal provisions that included paramount regulation of the structure of the state and determined the relations between the Sejm and the monarch. The Articles guaranteed that the privileges of the gentry (szlachta) would be preserved, ensured freedom of religion, and defined the constitutional framework of the Rzeczpospolita, including the choice of every subsequent monarch by the gentry as a whole, exclusively via free election. The Henrician Articles bound the king to convene a general Sejm every two years and, when need be, extraordinary Sejms as well. The king was also obliged to appoint a royal council composed of sixteen resident senators tasked with making joint decisions concerning major affairs of state. Legislative powers rested with the Sejm, which also enjoyed purview over both domestic and foreign policies. Moreover, the szlachta (gentry) gained the right to renounce allegiance to the king if ever the latter broke the obligations he had agreed to.

Some Polish legal historians are inclined to treat the Henrician Articles as the first act of a constitutional character.

Document from the collection of the Central Archives of Historical Records

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